USGS Michigan Water Science Center
Water for a Rapidly Growing Urban Community--Oakland County, Michigan
Prepared in cooperation with Oakland County and the State of Michigan
By: F.R. Twenter and R.L. Knutilla
US Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2000
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Abstract
Oakland County includes an area of 899 square miles in southeastern Michigan.
The southern part of the country is overlapped by the suburbs of the city of
Detroit. In 1970, about 850,000 people were living in the county and using about
100 million gallons of water a day. More than 80% of the water used for large
industrial and municipal supplies came from Detroit’s water system. The
average annual rate of stream flow from the county is about 370 million gallon
per day (575 cubic feet per second). Median annual 7-day low flows range from 0
to 0.25 cfs per square mile. Low flows can be augmented by more than 60,000
acre-feet of water captured during high streamflow by construction of small
reservoirs at 21 inventoried sites. Glacial deposits and the marshall sandstone
are the prime sources of groundwater. Most wells that penetrate the full
thickness of glacial deposits in the northwestern part of the county will yield
at least 50 gpm(gallons per minute), and many will yield more than 400 gpm. The
marshall sandstone, which occurs only in the holly area, is capable of yielding
more than 1,000 gpm. The chemical quality of both surface and groundwater is
relatively good throughout the county. Only in the southern part of the county
is the dissolved solids above the acceptable standard of 500 milligrams per
liter. (WOODARD-USGS)
Citation:
Twenter, F.R., and R.L. Knutilla, 1972, Water for a Rapidly Growing Urban
Community--Oakland County, Michigan: Date Posted: August 3, 2005, U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2000, 150 p.[http://mi.water.usgs.gov/pubs/WSP/WSP2000/]
Contents
Definition of terms
Abstract
1. Oakland County
Location
Water-the purpose of this report
Sphere of investigation
2. The changing scene
Population
The shifting population
3. Water use
More people-more water
Industrial water use
Irrigation water
Water from Lake Huron
4. A replenishable resource
Precipitation
Hydrologic cycle
The source is replenished
5. An interwoven system
Land and water
Some interrelationships
A water budget for a small basin
How man can change nature's budget
6. Water on the land
Surface water-a prime asset
Streams
Streamflow
Flow duration
Streams at low flow
High flow-another aspect of streams
Floods-how often?
Water storage
Streamsfor storage
Additional storage in lakes
Lakes
A study of six lakes
Ground water for lake-level improvement
7. Water in the ground
Characteristics of the container
Water in glacial deposits
Influence of the bedrock surface
Bedrock formations that yield water
Depth to water
Artesian conditions
Water levels and pumping
How much water?
8. Water quality-A prime concern
What is good water?
Good water in Oakland County
Water quality control
9. The water-resources picture
A review-a look ahead
Water-quality control
Lake-level improvement
Streamflow augmentation
Flood-plain management
Redefinition of ground-water reservoirs
Use of water from Detroit
Collection and anlaysis of basic information
10. For more information
Acknowledgments
Index
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For further information, contact:
Jim Nicholas, Director
U.S. Geological Survey
Michigan Water Science Center
6520 Mercantile Way, Suite 5
Lansing, MI 48911-5991
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