In 1991, members of local, State, and Federal governments, as well as industry and interest groups, formed the Ground-water and Pesticide Strategy Committee to prepare the State of Wyoming's generic Management Plan for Pesticides in Ground Water (SMP). Part of this management plan is to sample and analyze Wyoming's ground water for pesticides. In 1995, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Ground-water and Pesticide Strategy Committee, began implementation of the SMP by sampling wells in Goshen County, Wyoming. In 1997, baseline monitoring began in Washakie County.
Synthetic
organic pesticides are used to control weeds, insects,
and other organisms in a wide variety of agricultural
and nonagricultural settings. The use of pesticides
has helped to make the United States the largest
producer of food in the world and has provided other
benefits, but the use has also been accompanied by
concerns about their potential adverse effects on the
environment and human health. A potential pathway for
the transport of pesticides is through hydrologic
systems, which supply water for both humans and
natural ecosystems. Water is one of the primary ways
pesticides are transported from an application area to
other locations in the environment (fig. 1).
|
Figure 1. Pathways of pesticide movement in the hydrologic cycle (modified from U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS 244-95). |
In 1991, the Ground-water and Pesticide Strategy Committee (GPSC) began developing the generic State Management Plan for Pesticides in Ground Water for the State of Wyoming. The SMP will be required by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in order for individuals to continue using certain pesticides in Wyoming. The SMP includes information relating to agencies and individuals involved with the implementation of the SMP, ground-water monitoring, methods of preventing ground-water contamination, and what the responses will be to detections of pesticides in ground water.
One critical part of the SMP is ground-water monitoring.
The ground-water sampling program has two phases. The first
phase involves baseline monitoring, which is an initial
survey of the pesticides detected in a county's ground
water. The second phase is problem identification
monitoring, which is used to gather more information about
the ground water near wells with significant pesticide
detections.
Baseline monitoring is directed by a county rank and the
vulnerability of the ground water to pesticides. During the
development of the SMP, the GPSC evaluated each county in
Wyoming to determine the potential vulnerability of the
county's ground water to pesticides. Each county was ranked
based on the extent of cropland and urban areas in the
county, as well as the amount of pesticides sold within the
county in 1991.
A ground-water vulnerability map is prepared for the
uppermost or shallowest aquifer. The map, a summation of
seven maps describing the hydrogeology and land use, is used
to assist in the selection of monitoring sites in each
county. The monitoring focuses on areas where the ground
water is most vulnerable.
The GPSC selected 18 pesticides of focus and 2 degradation
products to be sampled as part of the SMP (table 1). An
additional 66 pesticides and degradation products are
included in USGS pesticide analyses, leading to possible
detections of non-focal pesticides. Ground water from all
wells in the baseline monitoring program was analyzed for
the pesticides listed in table 1, with the exception of
Difenzoquat and Metsulfuron.
The ground-water sampling part of the SMP began in Goshen
County in 1995. The goal of the sampling program is to
collect ground-water samples for pesticide analyses in all
23 Wyoming counties.
Table 1. Baseline
monitoring for pesticides in Washakie County, 1997-98. |
The
vulnerability of ground water in Washakie County was
ranked first in Wyoming and sampling began in August
1997. The vulnerability map for Washakie County (fig.
2) was created by the University of Wyoming Spatial
Data and Visualization Center. The shallow alluvial
aquifers, usually located in stream valleys, were
identified as the most vulnerable to pesticides in
Washakie County. Thirteen sites were selected for baseline monitoring in Washakie County. All wells were selected in the two most vulnerable rankings (areas in red and yellow). The wells were inspected and selected with the assistance of the Washakie County Conservation District. All sites were sampled twice, late summer 1997 and spring 1998. These time periods were selected to correspond with deepest and shallowest water-table conditions. |
(Click on image for a larger version, 125k jpg) Figure 2. Vulnerability of Goshen County ground water to pesticide contamination (Wyoming Water Research Center, written commun., 1997). |
Six of the 18 pesticides of focus and the two degradation products were detected in Washakie County (table 1). All levels of pesticides detected were less than one-fifth of the drinking water standard or its equivalent established by the EPA for domestic supplies (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1996). Although these standards do not apply to private domestic wells, they do provide a reference to the acceptable amount of chemicals in drinking water.
At least one
pesticide was detected in 10 of the 13 wells sampled
in the county (fig. 3). The pesticide with the highest
concentration was Aldicarb sulfoxide, a degradation
product of Aldicarb. More than 90 percent of the
detections were trace quantities. A trace quantity
indicates the pesticide was detected, but at a level
too small to quantify. Atrazine was the most commonly
detected pesticide, detected in 18 samples from 10 of
the 13 wells. The sampling results have been given to local Conservation Districts interested in pesticides in ground water in Washakie County. The information can be used by citizens and local governments to help understand current conditions. Baseline sampling in Park County was conducted in 1997. Fremont, Lincoln, and Laramie County sampling will begin in August 1998. Results of the 1997 sampling program can be found in Mason and Green, 1998. Results of all analyses are available from the U.S. Geological Survey in Cheyenne. |
(Click on image for a larger version, 142k jpg) Figure 3. Location of wells sampled in Goshen County, and notation of pesticide detection in each well. |
REFERENCESFarm Chemicals Handbook and Dictionary, 1996:
Willoughby, Ohio, Meister Publishing Co., variable
pagination. |
Jim Bigelow
Wyoming Department of Agriculture
2219 Carey Avenue
Cheyenne, Wyoming 82002
(307) 777-7324
Kevin Frederick
Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality, Water Quality
Division
4th Floor, Herschler Building
Cheyenne, Wyoming 82001
(307) 777-7781
District Chief
U.S. Geological Survey, WRD
2617 E. Lincolnway, Suite B
Cheyenne, Wyoming 82001
Email:
state_rep_wy@usgs.gov
This document was prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the Wyoming Department of Agriculture (WDA), and the Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality, Water Quality Division (WDEQ). All agencies are members of the Ground-Water and Pesticide Strategy Committee.
Prepared by: Cheryl A. Eddy-Miller
Email:
cemiller@usgs.gov
Layout by: Suzanne C. Roberts
The use of trade, product, industry, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
This project has been funded in part with a Section 319 grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to Wyo. Dept. of Environmental Quality's Non-Point Source Program.
This fact sheet is also available in pdf format: fs09898.pdf (872k)